The Value of Evaluating University Students Essay Example for Free

The Value of Evaluating University Students Essay Training can be alluded to as the improvement of character along with the people mental forces . It incorporates instructing just as learning of explicit aptitudes . It bestows information on an individual who is getting instructed. Training assumes an extremely basic job in the turn of events and development of every single individual . It is considered to outfit an individual with the information that is required in everyday exercises that one may embrace. The possibilities of an individual are placed into greatest use through the procedure of training. This is on the grounds that instruction engages an individual to utilize their abilities, or gifts to greatest use. Instruction empowers a person to be in his appropriate sense. Instruction is significant in a person’s life. The qualities that training provides for an individual are exceptional with those of an uneducated individual. Training is viewed as significant for a few reasons. One is that, it prepares an individual 's mind. An individual can have the option to learn and rehearse it. It additionally makes an individual to turn into a correct scholar. This implies, one can have the option to think shrewdly and properly . It empowers one to think and settle on choices as required. Instruction is significant that in empowering individuals to get data from the outside world . One can have the option to find out about various states or locales on the planet and the events in those specific spots. Previous history data can be procured through training. Present fundamental data too. Instruction has various levels relying upon the substance of training at that level. Age likewise figures out which level of instruction one ought to be in. All inclusive advanced degree is the most noteworthy foundation of learning. It offers information and abilities that are quite certain to certain calling. For instance understudies are prepared relying upon the calling that they need to be in the wake of finishing their training. In many colleges, understudies are assessed through assessments. In this paper, the subject of whether college understudies ought to be assessed will be examined. Assessment helps mentors or teachers to discover what information, aptitudes, perspectives or conduct the course has ingrained to the understudies (William, 2006). Through assessments as a method of assessment, understudies can provide for the speaker what they comprehended or gained from a specific course. Assessment helps speakers to set clear, quantifiable and sensible targets of the course to be instructed . The instructor can have the option to discover how much understudies can learn over a given timeframe. For instance, a course with a great deal of substance whenever secured over a brief timeframe, understudies may neglect to comprehend it better appeared by terrible showing in their assessments. Through assessing understudies, an instructor can create and choose the course content that can accomplish the objectives of that specific course. The understudies comprehension of the course demonstrated by assessing the person in question shows this. This aides in guaranteeing the quality instruction given to the understudies in kept up consistently, or even improved. Assessment empowers earnestness of the understudy to training. The strategies for assessment utilized interest that understudies must peruse completely, just as comprehend the substance of the course. This implies the information can be caught up in the understudies mind. They can likewise apply the abilities in their down to earth work effectively. Cooperation soul is advanced among the understudies. This is whereby assignments that are down in groups empower sharing of information and thoughts. They can cooperate to guarantee they accomplish their primary target, which is their achievement in that course. Assessment supports taking care of issues in a course on the off chance that they emerge . For instance disappointment of understudies to comprehend a specific course might be because of different variables . For instance, poor addressing or poor centralization of understudies in class. The issue can be routed to guarantee achievement. Assessment advances difficult work in understudies Assignments or a test commits an understudy to explore, learn and even see much better. Assessment has its negative face additionally . It might advance indecencies in the training framework. The need of the understudy to finish assessment assessments may make them cheat during the assessments. This is whereby understudies may convey reference materials, where they can allude to for the right and precise answers. This brings down the estimation of instruction that the understudy gets. Specific perusing and comprehension of the course by the understudies might be urged by presentation to the assessment tests. The understudies focus on perusing and seeing, just what may be inspected . The understudy can't in this way secure, all the necessary aptitudes and information that the course should give the person in question. Assessment may not generally show the genuine capacity of an understudy. For instance, an understudy might be given a poor quality essentially in light of the fact that the person in question never exceeded expectations in a specific test. Tragically, it may be that the understudy was just assessed on hardly any points that the person in question didn't comprehend . On the off chance that one would be inspected all subjects of the course, they would get a passing mark. Understudies assessment at the colleges ought to be done yet mind ought to be taken to guarantee there is high caliber of instruction kept up. References William M. 2006. Exploration Methods Knowledge Base. Prologue to Evaluation. Instruction Evaluation 1

Symbolism Joy Luck Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco,

Imagery Joy Luck Imagery of The Joy Luck Club and The Zoo Story There are various conditions in human life that shape individuals into who they directly are. An individual's personality and perspective are impacted extraordinarily because of their environmental factors, and connections they are engaged with. Amy Tan, writer of the Joy Luck Club, utilizes this subject in her book. Four moms have emigrated to America from China as their very own result battles. They all need their girls to grow up fruitful and with no of the hardships they experienced. The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, is an assortment of short anecdotes about the connections between Chinese conceived moms and their American conceived girls. The story is set here in America and in China and is set during the 1940s and furthermore happens now. It outlines the hardships both the mother and girls experience so as to please the other. In the novel, the characters are nonexclusive, as in, in spite of the fact that they are from various families, the issues and feelings experienced are comparable. The little girls are in an on-going inquiry to find themselves, what their identity is and what they speak to. The ladies experience numerous impediments throughout everyday life and must beat them so as to endure. At long last, these ladies exhibit determination and trust in themselves. This book shows that now days the conventions of the more seasoned ages are gradually being sifted through by the more youthful ages. A model in the book is the point at which one of the moms had her marriage pre-masterminded by her folks and a companion of the family and the way that she acknowledged the marriage. The contrast between the mother and little girl was that the little girl was hitched on various occasions against what her mom had faith in and to individuals who her mom wouldnt have endorsed of. This shows the youngsters had lost a portion of their legacy in light of where they were raised and the impact that the various societies would have on them. Book Reports

Saving the World Business Ideas for Cleaning the Ocean from Plastic Waste

Saving the World Business Ideas for Cleaning the Ocean from Plastic Waste Plastic pollution is a problem that plagues not one, but all of the world’s oceans, killing sea life and endangering the health of human beings. Though the issue of marine plastic solution is not one that can be resolved easily, it is possible to alleviate the problem at least to a small extent.By coming up with a business plan that helps to get rid of and/or reuse ocean plastic, you can show your concern for the environment. © Shutterstock.com | iuriiAspects discussed in this article are 1) plastic waste in the oceans is a very serious issue, 2) challenges associated with ridding the ocean of plastic, and 3) innovative business ideas for removing and/or reusing plastic waste from oceans.PLASTIC WASTE IN THE OCEANS IS A VERY SERIOUS ISSUE © Visual.ly | The Huffington PostThe issue with the plastic waste in the oceans is more serious for the whole Earth than you may have imagined. The following facts prove it.If we were to consider Los Angeles alone, ten metric tons of plastic fragments such as grocery bags, soda bottles, and straws, enter the Pacific Ocean daily.The world’s largest ocean garbage site is called The Great Pacific Garbage Patch and is situated in the North Pacific Gyre off the California Coast. This floating load of plastic is twice the size of Texas, with the ratio of plastic fragments to sea life being six to one.Degradation of plastic can take anywhere from 500 to 1,000 years. As per 2006 EPA statistics, close to half (46 percent) of plastics float and may drift for years before finally concentrating in the ocean gyres.Plastic that finds its way in the ocean breaks down into such minute pieces that segments from a one liter plastic bottle could end up on every mile of beach all over the world. In s amples taken from the Lake Erie, 85 percent of the plastic bits were smaller than two-tenths of an inch, mostly microscopic.All sea turtle species, 44 percent of all seabird species, more than 20 percent of cetaceans, and the growing list of fish arts have been documented to have plastic either inside or around their bodies. One million sea birds and a hundred thousand marine mammals die every year because of plastic in the ocean.Plastic does not biodegrade. The sun’s UV rays combined with salt from the sea water result in conventional plastic becoming brittle and breaking apart into tiny bits of plastic, still holding toxic substances that came in during manufacture such as Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates and flame retardants. What’s more, plastics are like a magnet for persistent oily pollutants in the sea water and which the former concentrates. So, these plastic fragments not only imperil sea creatures by way of entanglement or blocking their digestive tracts, but also by caus ing the entry of hazardous chemicals into the food chain.A very high number of Americans (93 percent) aged six years and older test positive for Bisphenol A. BPA-free is not safer.CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH RIDDING THE OCEAN OF PLASTICWith any offshore cleanup plan come various challenges.The challenge of locating the debris: Gyres are huge systems of rotating ocean currents (the size of continents), especially those associated with huge wind movements. What’s more, they are loosely defined. Even in the heart of the gyre where debris buildup peaks, the effect can be likened to a plastic soup with pieces distributed all through the extent of the water column to a depth of approximately 20 meters. In addition, plastics are not restricted to gyres but accumulate throughout marine environments as varied as the Arctic seafloor and shoreline mangroves.Challenge of selectively pulling out the plastics: The plastics would become microscopic in size with the passage of time. In addition, t hey have to be extracted without harming sea life. What to do if sea creatures have already colonized the plastics?Challenge of corrosive forces: Any device employed in the sea would have to compete against the extremely corrosive forces created by violent storms, constant motion and amassing of barnacles and bird droppings.Challenge of financing: Where to get money to carry out the cleanup?Challenge of what to do once extracted: Getting the plastics out of the oceans is difficult enough. However, one must also figure out what to do with the extracted plastics.INNOVATIVE BUSINESS IDEAS FOR REMOVING AND/OR REUSING PLASTIC WASTE FROM OCEANSBioplastics â€" One Sustainable but Much Debated AlternativeBioplastics are plastics obtained from renewable biomass sources such as corn starch, vegetable oils and fats, microbiota or pea starch. They can be produced from agricultural byproducts and even from used plastic bottles and other containers utilizing microorganisms. On the other hand, typ ical plastics such as fossil-fuel plastics are obtained from petroleum and their production calls for more fossil fuels and generates more greenhouse gas.Bioplastics are utilized for disposable goods such as crockery, packaging, pots, cutlery, straws and bowls. They are also frequently utilized for trays, bags, blister foils, fruit and vegetable containers, meat packaging, egg cartons, dairy products, bottling for soft drinks, and vegetables.Bioplastics are also utilized in non-disposable applications such as carpet fibers, plastic piping, and mobile casings. New electroactive bioplastics are being created that can be used to convey electrical current. With respect to these applications, the objective is not biodegradability but development of items from sustainable resources.Though bioplastics are a greener alternative, they bring problems of their own:Disposal of BioplasticsEven biodegradable and compostable plastics usually only break down properly when conditions are favorable f or them. In the water or land, these plastics usually remain long enough to result in potential hazards to water life and systems.Manufacture of BioplasticsCorn-based bioplastics depend on the production of corn, which brings up concerns pertaining to agricultural consequences on food production, land use, and global warming. Fortunately, these impacts can be considerably decreased by specifying bioplastic products developed from waste-based agricultural residues (residues that remain following harvest from an existing agricultural land use which would be considered as waste otherwise). TCOP (The Clean Oceans Project)TCOP (The Clean Ocean Project) is a non-profit based in Santa Cruz and planning to construct a 65-foot manned sailing catamaran intended to skim four common kinds of plastics that float #2HDPE, #4LDPE, #6PS and #5PP from the sea’s surface. Polymers such as #3PVC and nylon are not targeted. Fortunately, 80 percent of aquatic plastic pollution comes from land-based sou rces and chiefly from single-use products created from the targeted polymers. In addition, gyre currents advantageously sweep floating fragments into streams known as “windrows” that can be seen by the naked eye.The plan is to only target fragments that can be collected by a ¼ inch mesh. The reason is that getting rid of the bigger stuff should result in diminishing of microplastics over the passage of time. A hand-held spectrophotometer would assist with sorting plastics by polymer.The game changer for the non-profit was discovering Blest, a Japanese company that already has a plastics-to-light crude oil converter on the market. This converter can produce a gallon of fuel from eight pounds of plastic waste with no toxic air emissions because the plastics are only heated for distillation into fuels, and not incinerated. The only resulting emissions are water vapor and carbon dioxide.TCOP expects to develop the first-ever shipboard converter to produce enough fuel to supplement the solar sail and wind technology which would power the catamaran. The expensive transfer of captured plastics to landfills or recyclers (situated chiefly in China) would be done away with it. The converter is priced at $199,000 and made to handle 500 pounds of plastic a day. As of June 2014, the non-profit was looking for funding to arrange a test run in the North Pacific Gyre. The endeavor may not be profitable, considering the considerable support it is getting from philanthropic and corporate organizations, though it is worthwhile for the sake of the environment. Plastic-eating marine drone © The Cutting EdgeIn 2012, an industrial design student by the name of Elie Ahovi introduced the concept of an autonomous underwater drone that could find and destroy plastic. The electric underwater vehicle called the “Marine Drone” which tows a plastic trapping net, can siphon plastic garbage, ingesting bits of trash in a wide open maw equivalent to that of a whale shark. A circular buoy surrounds the net to balance the weight of the trash it collects. The drone prevents fish and other marine creatures from getting inside its jaws by spreading an annoying for fishes sonic transmitter. The vehicle communicates with its base station and other drones using sonar.The system may be able to stay underwater for two weeks, swallowing tiny plastic shards or whole plastic bottles. With the draining of its batteries, it can go back to an ocean base, and human crews would tow it up and take out the plastic for recycling. This concept is a response to a challenge from Veolia, a France-base d environmental services firm that asked students to propose ideas to deal with the problem of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.In addition to cleaning the oceans, the vehicle could bring in returns for companies looking to recycle plastics and decrease petroleum use. Ocean Cleanup ArrayLast year, a 19-year-old Dutch boy by the name of Boyan Slat uncovered plans to develop an Ocean Cleanup Array that could get rid of 7,25,000 tons of plastic trash from the world’s oceans. The machine comprises an anchored network. It consists of floating booms and processing platforms that could be sent to garbage patches in different parts of the globe. Rather than travel through the ocean, the array would function as a huge funnel, covering the radius of a garbage patch. The angle of the booms would push plastic in the path of the platforms where it would be detached from plankton, filtered, and kept for recycling.At school, the teenager started a project that assessed the amount and size of plas tic particles in the ocean’s patches of garbage. His final paper won a number of prizes including Best Technical Design 2012 at the Delft University of Technology. Boyan carried on with developing his concept in the summer of 2012 and he shared it some months later at TEDxDelft2012. Boyan later started a non-profit organization called The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, which is in charge of the development of his intended technologies. His brilliant solution has the potential to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of aquatic animals each year and decrease the buildup of pollutants (such as DDT and PPT) in the food chain. It may also save millions annually with respect to clean-up expenses, damage to marine vessels and lost tourism.Though Boyan’s plan met with a lot of criticism, one year and a 530-page report later, independent experts have come to the conclusion the array is a practical ocean cleanup method. A crowd funding campaign that followed was able to raise nearly $2.2 mi llion which means the organization can now begin the pilot phase of the project. Bionic Yarn for Jeans and ShirtsIn February, 2014, popular musician, designer and style maverick Pharrell Williams announced a joint project with his eco-minded company called Bionic Yarn. The target of the project is to ensure that sustainable fashion and conservation of the earth is accessible to everyone through the garments they purchase. It was to involve converting plastic from the ocean into yarn that denim label G-Star RAW would then utilize to create a collection of men’s and women’s jeans called RAW for the Ocean. Plastic bottles gathered from beaches and oceans are broken into tiny flakes, melted and passed through a shower head to create the highly durable fibers following which G-Star RAW works their magic on them. A detailed explanation of the production process is available on the brand’s website https://www.g-star.com. The RAW for the Ocean collection is currently available for pu rchase, also by way of the same website. Method bottlesIn the latter half of 2011, Method announced an ambitious project to convert plastic waste from the ocean into detergent bottles. The ‘Ocean Plastic’ bottles are partly developed from debris that has made its way to Hawaiian beaches, thus ensuring that more plastics do not end up in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The project is meant to increase awareness about ocean plastic trash and what can be done about the problem.The style of the Method bottle is a departure from the company’s usual bright colors. The company’s intention in doing so was to retain the plastic in its natural form. The gray color results from chopping and blending that takes place at the time of recycling. The sea urchin is the inspiration for the bottles’ ridged design. Method bottles designed for hand dish soap (2-in-1) can be bought using the company’s website and at Whole Foods Market stores.Though Method’s idea was great, for some time, there was no real and lasting source for the ocean plastic until an apparel company called United by Blue contacted them. The latter takes out one pound of ocean trash for each product sold. United by Blue’s ocean conservation model is unique. Instead of entrusting other organizations to carry out its charitable works and paying them for it, the company arranges its own ocean cleanups, making certain that it can achieve real results. As of December 2011, the company had removed 82,000 pounds of ocean waste. Method takes the plastics collected by United By Blue, hands it over to the plastic recycler Envision Plastics, and gets back recycled suitable material for detergent bottles. Though United by Blue could not give Method as much ocean plastic as it required, it did have a considerable amount to give. Plastic Bank and First Ever 3D Printed ItemAs of June 2014, The Plastic Bank had developed an item solely with 3D printing filament created from recycled ocean plastic. The project is another step forward in the organization’s movement to convert plastic waste from the ocean into 3D printing filament which in turn can better the lives of a section of the world’s poor. Thus, the organization is converting ocean plastic trash into a currency to assist with decreasing plastic waste as well as international poverty. It is setting up exchange/re-purposing centers for plastic trash in areas with a heavy concentration of plastic pollution and poverty.The project started with a shoreline cleanup in Alaska, with waste plastic collected from the ocean. Following sorting, the plastic was sent to UBC and concerted into 3D filament that the Plastic Bank headquarters in Vancouver utilized to print the first ever 3D item. Bureo brand skateboardsThe decks of Bureo brand skateboards are created from plastic fishing nets that have been thrown off the Chilean coast. The credit for developing the skateboards goes to a trio of skaters and surfers from the northeast. This is no doubt a great step to get rid of plastic waste in the oceans considering that discarded plastic fishing nets are responsible for 10 percent of ocean plastic pollution across the globe. In addition, Bureo pays local fishing communities to gather the discarded nets, thereby providing a source of employment and economic activity.According to Bureo’s co-founder, for every board, they are able to keep over 30 square feet of dangerous plastic fishnet trash out of the oceans, and give support to coastal communities while trying to change the younger generation’s way of looking at ocean plastic pollution and possibly inspire them to devise their own method(s) of positively contributing to the world.As of July 2014, Bureo raised more than twice their goal by way of Kickstarter to start shipping boards developed from reclaimed ocean plastic all over the world. Ocean waste is an international problem that calls for an international solution. Ingenious ideas, collaborative efforts and a se nse of responsibility towards the environment can go a long way in resolving and curbing the problem.

Gender Inequality The Workplace Against Women - 2153 Words

Gender Inequality in the Workplace against Women SOCI 3432 M50 Professor Stockton April 26, 2016 Shandrika Jackson Over the last ninety years, women have battled to become equal with men in all aspects of life and work (Parcheta, 2013). Male domination and power has become the social assumption as gendered occupations and beliefs have been projected throughout society as the status quo. Though challenging, this status quo is still present. Women have manufactured huge developments in career and education training, but equal treatment to a man, pay, and promotions in the workplace still escape them. Sociologists have documented that gender is not mainly a role or identity. It is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting people as two different categories; male and female, and organizing relations of inequality around that difference (Ridgeway Correll, 2000). In categorizing gender as a social construction, differentiations between males and females help to develop gender difference. This research aims to inform my audience of the prevalent gender inequalities in the workplace against women. We will analyze gender inequality at work through sexual harassment, the gender pay gap, job segregation, lack of promotion opportunities, and work and family balance. All these are factors that women have to take into consideration when opening themselves to a voluminous biased environment at work. To accomplish gender equality at work would be ideal withShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality in the Workplace The generation now has made it easier to equalize men and women but there is still a substantial amount of places where gender inequality is still happening in the workplace and where females still face discrimination. Women are often discriminated in the workplace and are usually not promoted as quickly as men are and they also receive less pay. History shows that women have not always been defined as property and thought of as second class citizens. But inRead MoreFInal Paper1429 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Gender Inequality Within Society Society has conformed our minds to view gender based on one’s role in society. This labels the person as a man or a woman and then classifies them based on the â€Å"roles† that society has assigned for each. Gender inequality is caused by the unequal perceptions or even the way someone is treated, based on them being a man or woman. It tends to be the result of what is seen as socially constructed differences of the typical gender roles. This is a social problem I findRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many socialRead MoreGender Issues Associated With Age, Gender, Ethnicity Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesissues associated with age, gender, ethnicity in the working environment; which will particularly incorporate a discussion of gender relations, stereotyping and sources of inequality. The purpose of this essay is to fundamentally consider how organisational culture, norms of work, stereotypes and son on may impact on the opportunities people have. I am going to focus on the inequalities and who does what sort of wo rk in the general workforce and more particularly, on women s roles. The given tv programmesRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesWestern women have traditionally been perceived as the inferior sex, or the domestic partner, subjected wholly to the private sphere, and stripped of legal rights and standing. Meanwhile, men are depicted as the breadwinner, the strong, masculine and dominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this genderRead MoreGender Inequality Of The Financial Sector1498 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in the Financial Sector Inequality based on gender is an ongoing ethical issue that many women still face in the workplace. Gender inequality refers to unfair treatment and perceptions on another person’s gender and tends to happen a lot in many different companies and organizations. These types of inequality can range from women getting paid less then men or women not chosen for high positions in companies such as CEOs. As Hannah Gould points out in her newspaper article, â€Å"WeRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women Based Solely On Gender1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthe inequality between men and women based solely on gender. This dilemma is one that occurs across every continent and has been the subject of many riots, protests, and discussions since the early centuries. Gender inequality can happen in any setting, time, and place. However, gender inequality is highly likely inside the workplace. Many employers discriminate against woman and sometimes then do not even know that what they ar e saying or doing is considered discrimination. Gender inequality in theRead MoreThe Combat For Women s Rights1181 Words   |  5 Pages The Combat for Women s Rights Throughout the decades, women in the United States and all around the world have struggled to be considered equivalent to men, both at home and in the workplace. Women have struggled with voting rights, less pay, lower positions in the workplace, and responsibility of maintaining household chores. Though women have gained voting rights in the United States, women still struggle with the other gender inequalities. In today’s society, women are fighting with more diligenceRead MoreSexism Is The True Hindrance For Female Careers1407 Words   |  6 Pages Even today’s society, gender inequality remains a very controversial topic. One especially debated area is whether or not sexism exists in the workplace. Some argue that sexism is a major deterrent in the careers of women, and is the main reason women are not as prominent in positions of power and thus in our society. Others believe that women choose not to pursue such positions, because of their roles as mothers. However, it is views like this that prevent women from being taken seriously as workersRead MoreWhy Do People Struggle For Accept Those Who Are Different From Themselves?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscrimination have been traced throughout history for ages. There are many categories of discrimination and inequality, including those aimed at people due to their race, sexual orientation, and gender. Gender inequality in specific has gone through a vast amount of changes, especially as women eventually began to speak out against the rules and laws that bound them. They protested against their lack of rights, the notion of being entirely dependent on their fathers and husbands, and the idea that

Whats Actually Happening with Tsi Essay Sample Topics

What's Actually Happening with Tsi Essay Sample Topics All About Tsi Essay Sample Topics The outline will supply the simple structure for your paper and act as a guide for your writing. Below you can locate a sample essay outline structure to have a better idea about how to organize your own outline. An essay template is a guide which ensures your approach is correct and that you don't deviate from the home function. It is possible to also refer to our Essay Outline Templates to supply you with an idea on the best way to start. A detailed, one-page outline is likely to make your paper way simpler to write. An essay is going to be asked to fulfill the writing part of the test. You may also find a great deal of successful sample essays online. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. The Bad Side of Tsi Essay Sample Topics High school isn't free in Kenya. Others believe that it improves creativity an d productivity at work. Health has ever been among the significant concerns of humanity. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. In case the source is written by multiple authors, then you ought to state last names of them all, at least in the very first reference within the essay. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you must always remember. Sample persuasive essays can also offer inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a fantastic persuasive essay. You also ought to go through the essay template to learn more on the subject of essay structure ones your outline is completed. An essay template makes it possible to define the aim of your essay and keep it up. The text will surely bleed into the total mood of your essay writing. Essay format doesn't have anything to do with the true content of the essay, it is the way you organize and present it. It's absolutely free to use and you're strongly encouraged to examine the subject areas in which you're required test. If you don't know the answer, you need to make an educated guess. The TSI test isn't timed. As you take a growing number of sample tests you start to obtain a feel for those topics that you understand well and the areas that you're weak on. When it is argumentative or informative essays, you have to develop a topic that may grab the interest of the reader right away and this isn't such an easy job. Try to remember that you're NOT writing your opinion on the subject. Clearly, you ought not purposely choose a topic that will bore your audience. A great cause essay topic won't have an easy answer that you are able to research and locate a definitive topic. The value of research in persuasive writing may not be overstated. In such a scenario, a student is needed to select an acceptable topic to write about. In order to excel in an extended essay, he must strategize in order to comprehensively write a topic. You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in various ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Quite simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news websites that just need a click. Mechanical Conventions The degree to which you express ideas employing Standard Written English. As you're normally requested to write about something you want or enjoy, opinions are predicted to be generally positive. New Questions About Tsi Essay Sample Topics Should you wish, highlight the important words and phrases in the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to make sure you adhere to the topic. You still must make an outstanding bit of writing. I t can help you strengthen your essay by providing you a focus for strong substance and suitable presentation. Even with the ample number of substantial research materials and intelligent ideas, the essay may wind up flawed in the event the student doesn't have effective writing skills. The Good, the Bad and Tsi Essay Sample Topics Students will get their voucher at the High School upon completion of the necessary measures. They will be unable to take the TSIA without first completing the entire Pre-Assessment Activity and obtaining their certificate of completion. Furthermore, many students will have to compose an essay for the writing part of the test. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a component of their first requirements.

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 15 Free Essays

Before she could dial, the door crashed open. Jessie and I pointed our weapons toward the sound. Will stopped dead. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I have to go.† Jessie waved her .44 toward the sign that read: rest-room. â€Å"Go.† He shook his head. His earring waggled, catching the light and throwing speckles of gold across his jaw. â€Å"I found something.† In the act of putting away our guns, Jessie and I tensed. â€Å"What?† she asked. â€Å"I’m not sure.† â€Å"There’s a lot of that going around,† I muttered. â€Å"Huh?† Cadotte’s eyes were unfocused behind his glasses. He stared at me as if he couldn’t remember who I was. Then understanding dawned. â€Å"Oh, hi, Leigh. What are you doing here?† â€Å"Never mind her, Slick. What did you find?† â€Å"I did an Internet search on Weendigo, and I came up with the Legend of the Power Eater.† Jessie and I exchanged glances. â€Å"What’s that?† she asked. â€Å"I’ve never heard of it. But there’s a book – â€Å" Jessie groaned. â€Å"Not another book. Haven’t we been through this?† Confused, I looked back and forth between them. Jessie explained. â€Å"Will had a book on raising the wolf god. Sadly, a page was missing. A very important page.† â€Å"I ordered another one,† he said. â€Å"Which the werewolves conveniently intercepted.† â€Å"That’s why this time I’m going to the book.† â€Å"Pardon me?† â€Å"There’s a copy in Madison. I’m leaving now.† â€Å"Now?† Jessie sounded forlorn. I stifled a smirk. â€Å"I should be able to see it first thing in the morning. If there’s anything useful I’ll bring the book back or make a copy.† His gaze softened. â€Å"I’ll be home by tomorrow afternoon, Jess.† â€Å"Fine. Whatever. I’ve got plenty to do here.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† Cadotte wasn’t buying it. He crossed the room and scooped her into his arms. Jessie was a big girl, but he was an even bigger man. He held her as if she were a child. Her usually stern face went all dopey with love. I turned away. But I could still hear every word. â€Å"I’ll be back before you even miss me.† â€Å"Too late.† Smoochy sounds followed. I tapped my foot, stared at the ceiling, considered leaving the room. â€Å"Take this.† I spun around. Jessie was holding out her service revolver. Will stared at it with obvious distaste. â€Å"I don’t like guns.† â€Å"I don’t like dead boyfriends. I’m silly that way.† â€Å"I don’t want a gun.† â€Å"Last time, Will, they needed you for the ceremony.† â€Å"You, too.† â€Å"But I can take care of myself.† â€Å"And I can’t?† She sighed. â€Å"For me? Please?† He took the gun, holding it between two fingers, as if the thing might go off at any moment. Jessie glanced at me and together we rolled our eyes. â€Å"He’s going to shoot off his toe,† I commented. â€Å"Oh well, he’s got nine more. Just don’t shoot off something I’ll need later. Especially something you’ve got only one of.† I blushed. I might be a big, bad werewolf hunter, but bawdy sexual innuendos flustered me. â€Å"I think I embarrassed the duchess.† â€Å"Leave her be, Jess.† They were both staring at me. Jessie’s gaze was contemplative. She saw more than I wanted her to. Will’s was sympathetic. I didn’t like his any better. â€Å"I’ll leave you two alone to say good-bye.† I practically ran outside. The half-moon slid toward the horizon. Soon the sun would come up and I could sleep. Here I was a werewolf hunter living like a vampire. That might even be funny, if I did much laughing anymore. I took a minute to observe the clear navy blue sky. Living in Topeka for most of my life, I hadn’t known how brightly stars could shine away from the glare of city lights. A flash at the corner of my vision drew my gaze, and I watched a star flare, then drop. City dwellers rarely caught a glimpse of a falling star. Every time I saw one, I was amazed and humbled. There was so much out there we didn’t understand. â€Å"I wish I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My words trailed off into the chill of the autumn night. What did I wish? That I could catch the Weendigo – kill a killer at any cost? Or that I could have back the life I’d lost? Did I want death or to start anew? I had no idea anymore, and that scared me. Until I’d come to Crow Valley I’d only wanted to kill them, not caring if I died, too. But suddenly there were people I liked all around me, not friends exactly but no longer strangers, either. There was sexual attraction, something I hadn’t experienced in years. Lust had made me want to live. At least until I tasted it again. That wasn’t good. The not caring had made me damn near invincible. I took chances no one else dared to. The monsters sensed I’d die before I let them live, which gave me an edge. Suddenly the edge was lost. What if in the middle of a death battle I started remembering Damien and his kiss? Longing for it, for him? I’d sneered at Jessie because of her attachment to Will. Was I any better? I couldn’t afford to be distracted. So what was I going to do about it? I had a pretty good idea. The door opened and Jessie, then Will, stepped out. Her uniform was untucked, her shirt buttoned wrong. His pants were unzipped; his glasses had fingerprints all over them. Talk about a quickie. I wanted one. â€Å"Take care of her, OK?† Will asked. Jessie snorted. â€Å"Right.† Will ignored her, focusing instead on me. â€Å"Please?† â€Å"Of course.† Then he was gone. Jessie made an impatient sound. â€Å"Let’s get one thing straight, Duchess. I can take care of myself. I don’t need you or anyone else to help me.† â€Å"Me, either. But we can humor Edward. And the boyfriend.† She scowled at my term for Will and I almost laughed. It was so easy to yank her chain. â€Å"Come on. You can call Mandenauer this time.† I’d forgotten that we’d been about to call him when Will showed up. I went into the station and sat at Jessie’s desk. â€Å"Make yourself right at home,† she said. â€Å"Thanks.† I picked up her phone. Edward answered his direct line on the second ring. â€Å"Jawohl? Was ist es?† I frowned. It wasn’t like him to speak in German. He’d been in this country for longer than I’d been alive. I’d only heard him revert to his native tongue when he was very, very tired, sick, or hurt – which had happened maybe twice since I’d known him. â€Å"Are you all right?† I asked. â€Å"Leigh? Yes. Of course. I was sleeping.† Something he rarely did. But when he slept, he’d always awoken completely alert and ready to deal with anything at a moment’s notice. Military training did that to a guy, or so he said. His behavior concerned me. â€Å"Is Elise there?† â€Å"No,† he said shortly. â€Å"Why not?† Elise watched over Edward like a mother hen. Drove him nuts, but she wouldn’t stop. â€Å"Because I am in my room and she is†¦ I don’t know where. Now what do you want at†¦ four a.m.?† Quickly I filled him in on what he didn’t know. â€Å"Can you contact someone in the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program?† â€Å"Certainly, You will have your data by midday.† Edward the efficient. â€Å"There’s one more thing.† I glanced at Jessie. She made a whirling motion with her hand. Get on with it. â€Å"Have you ever had an agent named Damien Fitzgerald?† Edward thought for an instant. â€Å"No. The name is not familiar. Why?† I filled him in on a little bit more. â€Å"He could have changed his name,† Edward murmured. â€Å"I will send you photos of the rogue agents I am aware of.† â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"So why did Elise need you back there pronto?† I asked. Silence settled over the line. I wondered if he’d hung up. â€Å"Edward?† â€Å"I am here.† â€Å"Well? What’s up?† Elise had been working on a cure for lycanthropy. So far she’d come up with zilch. The only reason I could think of for Edward to rush to 7-5 headquarters in remote Montana was that she’d had a breakthrough. The idea made me nervous. If Elise found a way to cure them, what would I do with the rest of my life? â€Å"Nothing is up,† he said. â€Å"Elise thought she might have discovered something.† â€Å"Did she?† â€Å"That remains to be seen.† He sighed. â€Å"But I do not think so.† I let out the breath I hadn’t even known I was holding. â€Å"Will you be back soon?† â€Å"No. You and Jessie can handle things in Crow Valley.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"I am tired, Leigh. I need a rest.† My heart started thudding faster and harder with dread. â€Å"You’re sick.† â€Å"Perhaps. Sick and tired of the blood, the death, the killing. And for what? There are always more.† I’d never heard him so down. Usually Edward was the one buoying everyone else’s spirits. I glanced at Jessie, frowned. He’d never been like this before he’d met her. â€Å"I’ll make sure there aren’t any more here,† I promised, and hung up. â€Å"What exactly happened in Miniwa?† I demanded. â€Å"You know.† â€Å"Wolf god, totem. Been there, heard that. I meant to Edward.† Her gaze slid away from mine. â€Å"What?† She shrugged. â€Å"He made a few mistakes. Nothing major. Everything worked out for the best.† Mistakes? That didn’t sound like Edward. â€Å"What kind of mistakes?† â€Å"He got distracted. We got captured.† She shrugged. â€Å"It happens.† â€Å"Not to him.† â€Å"Never?† Not that I knew of. I’d considered telling Edward I thought Hector might be here. Until he’d answered the phone speaking German. Until he’d gone all Eeyore on me. â€Å"He’s acting so weird,† I murmured. â€Å"He didn’t want to come back.† â€Å"Can you blame him? The guy’s been hunting werewolves, and Lord knows what else, for sixty years. I’d be ready for a break.† I suspected she was right, but I didn’t like it. I decided to keep my suspicions about Hector between myself and Jessie until I was sure I wasn’t seeing things again. Why upset Edward if I didn’t have to? â€Å"What about the information from Quantico?† Jessie asked. â€Å"By noon.† â€Å"And Fitzgerald?† â€Å"He doesn’t recognize the name, but he’s sending rogue agent pictures.† â€Å"Good. There’s not much else we can do until then. I’d better make my rounds. Not that I’ll see anything, but I try to at least pretend to earn my second paycheck.† â€Å"This place is awful quiet after the sun goes down.† â€Å"Creepy, isn’t it?† â€Å"Yeah.† Crow Valley after sunset was as quiet as the proverbial tomb. No lights in any of the windows. Not even a cat trolling the streets. The entire town had a deserted air. As if too many of the citizens had disappeared. We just didn’t know how many. Where there were werewolves, people went missing. Which was usually how the Juger-Suchers ended up being called to the scene. Then we made sure the missing were explained. Our favorite excuse was that they’d walked into the woods and never come back out. It happens more than you’d think. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 15, Essay examples

Spain - Decline Essays - Philippine Dynasty, Knights Of Santiago

Spain - Decline OUTLINE THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO A DECLINE IN SPANISH POWER BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY The general perception of the historical world is that Spain, once a powerful nation, declined from its period of grace around the commencement of the seventeenth century. However, more recently a number of historians have come to refute such a claim. One of the leading figures in the study of this period is Henry Kamen who argues that no such decline occurred at all. Contemporary historians, for example Gonzalez de Cellorigo, often believed the opposite, in that Spain was indeed suffering a decline in status which may have been the result of such characters not wishing to face the possibility that Spain never enjoyed hegemony at all. Kamens main area of dispute is that he believes there to have been no economic decline at all, whilst still agreeing that there was indeed a political decline, he states we cannot question the obvious fact that there was a decline in imperial and military power, the likes of which can be backed up by the events in 1637 and 1643 the battles of the Downs and Rocroi respectively. His argument is that for Spain to suffer an economic decline they must have been financially strong in the first place, thus providing the platform from which to fall. Jeronimo Fernandez de Mata claimed it is said that when empires reach their peak, they begin to decline. Indeed this is correct but peaks can only be highlighted when examining events in hindsight and contemporaries would have been blissfully unaware of such a downfall. Kamens ideas can certainly be supported by little more than common historical knowledge. Even as early as the reign of Philip II, Spain experienced frequent bankruptcies mainly due to multiple foreign wars which could be supported by income from taxation and a monopoly on trade from the Indies alone. In conclusion Kamen believes that Spain was simply incapable of economic decline because Spain never rose. He also claims that no real timing can be identified for the precise moments of decline, a point refuted by Professor Israe l. Israel claims that the majority of belief is now pointed towards a decline beginning in the early years of the reign of Philip III and ending in the mid-seventeenth century. The key obstacle that barred Spains path in the eyes of Israel, is that of unavoidable natural disasters such as plague and famine, the latter of which can be partly blamed on the financial crisis itself as well as poor agriculture. In a period of approximately twenty-five years at the start of the seventeenth century, the population of Spain fell by over one and a half million. Such adversities counter-balanced against efforts to improve Spanish finance in the sixteenth century through industrial growth, particularly in textiles. However, before Kamens theories began to cause disagreement, historians of the early to middle twentieth century had moulded the foundations for his hypothesis. Historians such as Ranke and Hume pointed out that the ignorance and foolhardy toils of the leaders of Spain themselves had brought decadence onto their empire. With the advent of Earl Hamiltons article in 1938, the economic dimension was introduced, but it was not until Professor Elliott published his article in 1961 that each idea began to materialise together. Until now the idea of a general decline had been accepted but now Elliott had highlighted the difference between a political and economic fall, which could only lead on to each other and not occur simultaneously. Whilst agreeing that international trade difficulties were indeed partly responsible he made it clear that internal problems were the key to Spanish failure. Similarities can easily be drawn with Professor Israels theorem, particularly regarding the importan ce of agricultural and demographic crisis in the eventuality of the decline itself. It was made clear that the economic decline, occuring at the turn of the sixteenth century, came before the political fall, which he pinpoints to 1640. It is such evaluation which conflicts with Kamen, who must surely agree that in the second half of the sixteenth century Spain was undoubtedly the most powerful nation in Europe. If this is so then the fact that this hegemony

Role Of A Company Chairman Within A Public Limited Company And The Content of The Chairman’s Report of Reckitt Benckiser Plc. The WritePass Journal

Role Of A Company Chairman Within A Public Limited Company And The Content of The Chairman’s Report of Reckitt Benckiser Plc. Introduction  Ã‚   Role Of A Company Chairman Within A Public Limited Company And The Content of The Chairman’s Report of Reckitt Benckiser Plc. ). It is the responsibility of the chairman to set the agenda of the board and ensure that there is enough time for discussing all the items in the agenda with specific emphasis placed on strategic issues that affect the company.   The chairman should facilitate the effective contribution of NEDs in particular and ensure that constructive relations exist between executive directors and NEDs. This ensures that a culture of openness is prevalent in the board. In addition, the chairman should ensure that directors receive accurate, timely and clear information. In addition, the chairman should promote effective communication with shareholders. . The chairmans statement of Reckitt Benkiser Plc contains some important information. It contains information regarding the performance of the company during the year ended 2011. It provides details of the difficult environment in which the company operated and the strategies that the company implemented. For example, the Chairman begins by stating that the company performed well in a turbulent business environment. The chairman also notes that a new CEO was appointed during the year. This was a significant event for the company because the CEO is very important in implementing the companys strategy. The chairman further notes that the company witnessed an improvement in its cash flows during the year which enabled it to pay down part of its debt. The strong cash position also enabled the company to increase its dividend by 9% from the year 2010 figure to 125 pence per share. The chairmans statement also focused on the companys strategy. The chairman notes that considering the changing business environment, the company has redefined its vision and purpose to align itself with the opportunities and challenges of the environment in which it operates. The chairman believes that the new vision and purpose are fundamentally sound and will result in the creation and growth in shareholder value. The chairman concludes by making a statement on corporate governance. Accordingly the chairman notes that the Board conducted its regular reviews of the performance and results of the business including reviews with management on strategy, brands, geographic area and functional performance as well as detailed reviews of human resources, corporate responsibility and reputation, controls and business risks (Reckitt Benkiser Plc, 2011). Critical Evaluation of the IFRS Foundation’s convergence Agenda The IFRS foundation is working through its subsidiary body, The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to develop a global set of accounting standards that can be used across different. The foundation is making efforts to promote the convergence of national standards with International Financial Reporting Standards. For example, the IASB has been working on a Joint Conceptual Framework project with the US Financial Accounting Standards Board to ensure the convergence of US GAAP standards with IFRSs. In addition, the IASB has made significant progress in achieving convergence of national accounting standards of different countries with IFRS. For example, in 2002, the European Union (EU) issued Regulation EC No. 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council requiring all EU listed firms to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards on or before 1st January 2005 (European Union, 2002; Jermakowicz and Gornik-Tomaszewski, 2006; Epstein and Jermacowicz, 2007). Thi s meant that more than 7000 firms were required to prepare financial statements that complied with IFRS standards during the year ending 31st December 2005. Moroever, in 2007, the United States (U.S) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) which regulates the trading of securities in the U.S decided to waive the requirement that foreign firms listed in the U.S should reconcile their financial statements with U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (SEC 2007; Street and Linthicum, 2007). Moreover, the SEC has considered proposals to allow U.S firms to prepare financial statements that are in compliance with IFRS (GAAP) (SEC 2007; Street and Linthicum, 2007). IFRS is increasingly gaining recognition as a global set of accounting standards. Zalm (2008) observes that the number of countries that had replaced their national GAAP with IFRS was approximately 100 in 2008. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board have been working on a joint project to harmonise IFRS with U.S GAAP. The objective is to enhance the comparability of financial statements prepared under both standards and to improve the understandability, relevance and reliability of financial reports prepared using either U.S GAAP or IFRS. In order to evaluate the convergence project, this paper benefits and costs of convergence. Benefits of Convergences Improvement in FDI flows One of the benefits of convergence is that it will result in an increase in cross-border capital flows such as foreign direct investment (FDI) (Chen et al., 2010). Convergence will result in a reduction in the degree of information asymmetry between home country and foreign users of the information reported in financial statements (Chen et al., 2010). Users of financial statements will be able to compare financial statements prepared across different countries and thus make better investment decisions. It has also been argued that widespread adoption of IFRS will reduce or eliminate differences in accounting standards across the globe. This will result in a reduction in information processing costs and to an increase in cross-border economic transactions (Chen et al., 2010). According to the European Commissioner, McCreavy for example, adopting IFRS standards as a global set of accounting standards will result in more efficient allocation of resources and greater cross-board investment which will enhance economic growth in the EU (McCreavy, 2005). Enhancement of the quality of Financial Reports A potential benefit of the adoption of IFRS standards is that it will result in high quality and more corporate reporting practices. This will in turn improve market liquidity, lower costs of capital and enhance resource allocation. Greater market liquidity is consistent with a more efficient capital market. Improving market liquidity will result to a decline in transaction costs and increase the number of people participating in the market. An increase in the number of market participants will result in more efficient markets because more people will ensure that securities are always trading at their equilibrium prices (Bodie et al., 2007). Costs of Convergence Despite the potential benefits cited for convergence some investor groups believe that it is still very early to determine whether IFRS can effectively serve as a global set of accounting standards (SEC, 2010). The main argument offered is that IFRS is yet to be sufficiently developed or applied in practice to the extent that one can judge its ability to serve as a global set of accounting standards. According to the SEC (2010) IFRS lacks guidance in certain significant areas. In areas where there is guidance, such guidance tends to require much latitude before it can be comparable with US GAAP. There are jurisdictional variants in the application of IFRS which pose significant challenges to the adoption of IFRS. In order for IFRS to be applied globally, countries will need to converge in many other areas such as auditing, taxation, legal systems, etc. According to commentators, existing US GAAP standards are already universally accepted as high quality financial reporting standards. In addition, not all firms in the US require capital from global capital markets or market securities internationally. Therefore, the convergence agenda is likely going to result in increased costs for US companies. Investors and large firms in the US also felt that there were significant challenges and risks associated with having an international institution as the ultimate body that would issue accounting standards for issuers of securities in the US. Significant concerns were raised over whether this was likely going to be a wise policy taking into account the long standing role of the SEC as the oversight body over the financial reporting process in the US. Another concern raised is that incorporating IFRS standards into the financial reporting system in the US will have a negative impact on the compliance with corporate governance requirements in the US. For example, the Sarbanes Oxley Act prescribes a number of corporate governance rules that US companies with comply with such as ensuring that the audit committee has at least one independent non-executive director with financial expertise. Investor groups in the US feel that the IFRS agenda may affect the ability of US companies to comply with these rules and as such the convergence agenda of the IFRS foundation is likely not going to be feasible in so many countries. In addition, Hail et al. (2009) argue that accounting standards play a limited role in improving the quality of financial reports. There are other institutional factors that contribute to the enhancement of financial reporting quality. For example, the reporting incentives of firms and the enforcement of standards have been cited as important factors that determine the quality of financial reports. Hail et al. (2009) further contend that comparability of financial reports cannot be guaranteed by the adoption of a single set of accounting standards across different countries. Comparability can only be fully achieved if the reporting incentives of firms are similar. Therefore, the argument that comparability of financial statements will improve as a result of the adoption of IFRS remains questionable. Furthermore, it is not correct to view accounting standards in isolation from other important factors of a country’s institutional framework. There must be a match between the institutional framework and accounting standards. This means that if a country adopts accounting standards that do not properly match with the elements of its institutional framework can result in undesirable consequences for the economy as a whole irrespective of whether the new accounting standard unambiguously improves the element itself. SECTION B Environmental Reporting By Reckitt Benkiser Plc. According to the Sustainability report of the Reckitt Benckiser Plc, the companys strategy incorporates a commitment to run the business in a manner that is responsible, environmentally sound and sustainable. With respect to the environment, the company is committed to ensuring that the workplace environment is safe and healthy. It is also committed to ensuring that the employment environment attracts, developed and retains the right talent of people to manage the business. The company has a life cycle carbon management program and a sustainable operational excellence program. With respect to the life cycle carbon management program, the company is committed to reducing its carbon dioxide emission. The life cycle management approach is used to reduce CO2 emission right across the product life cycle. This approach is used because the largest emissions occur when consumers use products. For example, Air Wick launched a ground-breaking air fresher product which replaced the traditional propellant gases with compressed air. The natural propellant delivers a cleaner fragrance experience in a safer way than butane or nitrogen. The propellant is non-flammable and non-hazardous. Using compressed air in place of butane saves 5,000 tonnes of butane per year which in turn saves 20,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions (Reckitt Benckiser Plc, 2011b). It should be noted that there is no specific legislation that governs environmental reporting in the UK. The only legislation that governs the reporting of CO2 emissions in the UK is the Climate Change Act of 2008 and the Energy Act of 2010. The Climate Change Act aims at reducing CO2 emissions. The Climate Change Act and the Energy Act led to the implementation of the Carbon Reduction Commitment, which represents a mandatory climate change and energy saving scheme. The scheme aims at enhancing energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. The sustainability report of Reckitt Benckiser Plc is to some extent in compliance with the Climate Change Act and the Energy Act 2010 (Gray et al., 2010). Despite the absence of legislation on environmental reporting in the UK, a significant number of attempts have been made to encourage businesses to provide sustainability and environmental reports on a voluntary basis. Businesses are often encouraged through codes of practice and environmental reporting guidelines. Reckitt Benkiser Plc might have been influenced by these encouragements to disclose information relating to its environmental and social performance. Despite the absence of legislation, it has been argued that voluntary disclosure of environmental and social performance helps in enhancing firm value. For example, McGuire et al. (1988); Davis (1960); and Roberts (1992) provide evidence suggesting that there is a positive link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure levels and firm performance. The evidence also suggests disclosure of environmental performance is positively related to firm value. This explains why Reckitt Benkiser Plc has made an effort to d isclose information about its environmental performance. Advanatges a Company may gain by adopting and disclosing voluntary environmental Accounting Practices Adopting voluntary environmental accounting can help a company improve its reputation (ICAEW and EA, 2010). Voluntary environmental accounting can be viewed by users of financial statements as a positive signal that the company is using efficient and low cost manufacturing techniques which results in efficient use of resources. As such the company’s share price can increase if it discloses positive information. In addition, customers and can view the company as having concern over its environment. customers are not interested in buying from companies that do not have regard for their external environment. Consequently voluntary disclosure of environmental information can result in an improvement in the company’s sales and financial performance (Gray et al., 2010). How Future Environmental Accounting will continue to support accrual accounting and going concern. Accrual accounting is essential because not all transactions are settled in cash. It enables organisations to record transactions that have not been settled in cash as credit transactions. The going concern assumption assumes that the business will continue to exist for the foreseeable future. Environmental accounting will support accrual accounting in that it will enable businesses to continue recording all transactions irrespective of whether they are settled in cash or not. With respect to going concern, environmental accounting will enable users of financial statements to assess the impact of the company on its environment and determine whether the company will be able to continue as a going concern. Section C. Classification of the Convertible Bond The convertible bond in question is a compound financial instrument because it has both debt and equity characteristics. According to IAS 32, Financial Instruments, Presentation, the instrument’s component parts should be accounted for separately. The accounting should be done according to their substance based on the definitions of liability and equity. The entity is required to make the division between equity and debt at issuance and is not allowed to make any amendments in response to changes in market conditions such as a change in the market interest rate, share prices, or other event (Deloitte, 2012). Therefore, the instrument will be classified as a compound instrument including debt and equity components. The debt component is the contractual obligation of the company to pay cash and the equity component is the option of the holder to convert the bond into common shares of the issuer (Epstein and Jermakowicz, 2007; Deiloitte, 2012). Calculation of the Equity Component The present value of the bond is calculated as follows: Year Discount Factor (9%) Interest/Principal Present Value 1 0.9174 0.08 0.073392 2 0.8417 0.08 0.067336 3 0.7722 0.08 0.061776 4 0.7084 0.08 0.056672 5 0.6499 4.08 2.651592 Debt Element 2.910768 Equity Element 1.089232 The bond pays a coupon of   $.08million (2% x $4million) per annum. At the end of the year, the bond is expected to repay the coupon plus principal of $4.08million. The cash flows need to be discounted at the market interest rate of 9% on similar non-convertible bonds. The present values are based on the discount factors for the 9% interest rate. It can be observed that the present value of the bond is $2.91million. This represents the debt component of the financial instrument. The equity component is calculated by subtracting the debt component from the amount raised from the issue of the security. Therefore, the equity instrument is equal to $4million less $2.91million. This gives $1.19million. Closing Figure in the Statement of Financial Position The closing figure in the statement of Financial Position is based on the following amortisation Schedule: Year Cash Paid Interest Expense Discount Amortised Liability ($millions) 0 2.91 1 0.08 0.36 0.28 3.19 2 0.08 0.29 0.21 3.40 3 0.08 0.31 0.23 3.62 4 0.08 0.33 0.25 3.87 5 0.08 0.35 0.27 4.14 References Gray, R., Collins, D., Bebbington, J. (2007) Environmental and Social Accounting Reporting, Centre for Social and Environmental Accounting Research. ICAEW and EA (2010) TURNING QUESTIONS INTO ANSWERS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTING, available online at: environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/TECPLN8045_env_report_aw.pdf [accessed: 25th April 2013]. Deloitte (2012) IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation [online] IAS Plus: Available at: iasplus.com/en/standards/standard31 [accessed: 26th April 2013]. McGuire, J. B., Sundgren, A., Schneeweis, T. (1988), â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance†, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 854-872; Academy of Management, Available online at: jstor.org/stable/256342 Davis, K. (1960, Spring). Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities? California Management Review, 2, 70-76. Roberts, R. W. (1992), â€Å"Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: An application of stakeholder theory†, This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 595-612 Bodie, Z. Kane, A., Marcus, A. J. (2007). Investments. 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Duangploy, O., Gray, D. (2007)   ‘‘Big Bang’’ Accounting Reforms In Japan: Financial Analyst Earnings Forecast Accuracy Declines As The Japanese Government Mandates Japanese Corporations To Adopt International Accounting Standards Advances In International Accounting, vol. 20, pp. 179–200 Epstein, J. B., Jermakowicz, E. K. (2007), â€Å"Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards†, Wiley. European Union, 2002. Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European parliament and of the council of 19 July 2002 on the application of international accounting standards. Official Journal of the European Communities September 11, 2002, L. 243/1 L. 243/4. Zalm G. (2008), Prepared statement of Gerrit Zalm, Chairman of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, before the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament, available online at: iasb.org/NR/rdonlyres/A318265C-10E4-4051-A7D1-DCC9E4D763C5/0/Prepared_statement_Gerrit_Zalm.pdf [accessed: 9th April, 2012].

Strategies for Improving Sentences on SAT Writing

Strategies for Improving Sentences on SAT Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Improving sentences is the biggest subsection in SAT Writing. There are 49 total multiple choice questions on the SAT Writing section, and 25 of those are improving sentences questions. Arming yourself with specific strategies to answer these questions will be extremely beneficial to you and your SAT Writing score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Offer a general approach to use for answering sentence improvement questions. Detail the most common errors and clues for locating them. Show you how to correct the most common grammar errors. Provide example questions. General Approach to Improving Sentences For each improving sentences question, you should follow the same general approach to help ensure that you have an efficient method to consistently select the correct answer. By following these steps, you'll become less likely to make careless mistakes and more likely to arrive at the right answer in a timely manner. #1: Read the Sentence and Try to Identify Any Specific Errors in the Underlined Portion When you first read through the sentence, attempt to locate specific errors based on your knowledge of the grammar rules that are tested on the SAT Writing section. #2: Eliminate Obvious Wrong Answer Choices Eliminate any choices that are clearly wrong. If an answer choice creates another grammatical error or does not address the error you identified in the original answer choice, then you can immediately eliminate that answer choice as an option. Don't eliminate an answer choice solely because it sounds wrong. For all of the multiple choice SAT Writing questions, rely primarily on your knowledge of grammatical rules. #3: If You Don't Notice Anything Wrong With the Original Sentence, Look at the Answer Choices to Determine if You Overlooked an Error Sometimes reading the answer choices will make the error in the original sentence more apparent. Also, if an answer choice is more concise than the underlined portion of the original sentence and grammatically correct, then that will be the right answer. #4: Plug the Phrase in the Answer Choice Back Into the Original Sentence If an answer choice looks like it could be right, plug the phrase back into the original sentence. Sometimes reading the whole sentence will allow you to more easily determine if an answer choice is correct or if it creates an additional error. Use this step to verify your selection or testan answer choice you're unsure about. #5: Go Through The Answer Choices Until You Locate the Correct Improvement or Determine that No Change is Needed Your work is done once you find the answer choice that fixes the error in the original sentence and does not create an additonal error. You can quickly look at the remaining choices to verify that you have selected the best answer. If, after looking through the answer choices, you determine that the original sentence is correct, then select answer choice A, which is always the same as the underlined portion of the original sentence. Keep in mind that answer choice A will be right about 10%-20% of the time. Now that we have a general approach for sentence improvement questions, we can look at the specific grammar errors that repeatedly appear in the sentences in this subsection. I'll let you know the clues for spotting these errors and how to improve sentences that contain them. Read below for all the grammar rules you need to know for improving sentences. The Specific Grammar Errors: Signs and Improvements I arranged these grammatical errors by how often they tend to appear in sentence improvement questions, with the more common errors first and the least common ones last. All of these errors have appeared on previous SATs, and you should be familiar with all of these rules. Wordiness If a sentence suffers from wordiness, it is not written in the most concise grammatically correct way. Here are some tips for how to locate a wordy sentence. Signals Wordy sentences often contain gerunds in the underlined portion. Also, these sentences tend to employ the commonly used wordy phrases referenced in the article on wordiness. Once you spot a wordy sentence, it can generally be corrected in the following ways. Improvements Remember that the most concise grammatically correct answer choice will be right. Refer to the article on wordiness for the typical corrections to the commonly used wordy phrases. Parallelism Parallelism refers to the grammar rule that requires you to use the same pattern of words for two or more words or ideas in a sentence. Errors in parallelism occur when items in a list or phrases before and after a conjunction are not written in the same grammatical form. Check out the clues for identifying a parallel structure question. Signals A sentence is likely testing your knowledge of parallelism if the underlined portion is part of an "x, y, and z" list construction. Additionally, if an underlined phrase follows a conjunction, it often includes a parallel structure error. Because they're more difficult, parallelism questions tend to be found near the end of the subsection. Improvements To correct parallelism errors, put items in a list or phrases before and after a conjunction in the same grammatical form. For example, if two items in a list are in the gerund form, then the third item should be in the gerund form as well. Faulty Modifiers Another common grammar error on the improving sentences subsection is the faulty modifier. The basic rule regarding modifiers is that they must be placed next to the word they're modifying. So, how do you spot a faulty modifier? Signals Almost all of the faulty modifier questions deal with dangling modifiers. When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase, the intro must be immediately followed by a comma and then the noun it's describing. If the underlined phrase follows an introductory clause and a comma, make sure that the noun being described comes right after the comma. Improvements Place modifiers next to the words they describe. For the common dangling modifier questions, the noun being described should be placed right after the comma. Pronoun Agreement On the SAT, pronoun agreement means that pronouns must always have a clear antecedent and agree with the nouns they replace. Signals If a pronoun is part of the underlined phrase, look for errors in pronoun agreement. You must be able to identify an antecedent and the pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Improvements Every pronoun on the SAT should have a clear antecedent. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun refers to. If a pronoun doesn't have a clear antecedent, replace it with a noun or make sure that the improved sentence does give ita clear antecedent. Also, make sure to use singular nouns with singular antecedents and plural pronouns with plural antecedents. My favorite pronoun Idioms/Wrong Word For questions related to idioms or word choice, you have to know how to properly construct idiomatic expressions and how to properly use specific words. These questions often do not correspond with a grammar rule and are the only ones where you may have to rely on what sounds right to correctly answer the question. Signals The idioms on the SAT tend to involve prepositions, gerunds, and infinitives. If any of these parts of speech are underlined, make sure that any idiomatic expression in the phrase is properly constructed. If one word of a word pair is in the underlined phrase, that can also signal a wrong word error.Common word pairs include "not only...but also", "both...and", "either..or", and "neither...nor". Note that conjunctions or adverbs in the underlined phrase can signal a word choice error as well. Improvements Typically, an improperly constructed idiomatic expression can be fixed by changing the preposition or the verb form. Word pair errors can be corrected by replacing the word that doesn't belong in the word pair with the word that does. For example, change "either...and" to "either...or." Make sure that the words in the underlined phrase express the intended meaning of the sentence. If the sentence shows contrast, then there should be a word like "but", "despite", or "although" in the sentence that indicates contrast. Run-Ons A run-on sentence (coming soon) consists of two or more complete thoughts that are not separated by the proper punctuation. Signals Usually, you'll find a run-on sentence created by a comma splice. Two complete thoughts will be separated by a comma. Improvements You can fix the comma splice by changing the comma to a semicolon. Or, you can change the construction of the sentence so that the comma is no longer separating two complete thoughts. Fragments A sentence fragment (coming soon) doesn't express a complete thought. Signals Sentence fragments often have a gerund or relative pronoun in the underlined phrase. Occasionally, a participle will be in the underlined portion and the sentence won't have a verb. Improvements Get rid of the relative pronoun or replace gerunds and participles with verbs. Make sure the improved sentence has a verb and expresses a complete thought. Subject-Verb Agreement Subject-verb agreement is a rule that states that all subjects must agree with their verbs in number. Singular subjects take singular verbs. Plural subjects take plural verbs. Signals If a verb is underlined, especially if the answer choices have different present/present perfect tense conjugations, then you should check for a subject-verb agreement error. Improvements Change the verb from plural to singular or from singular to plural. Just a few more rules to go Verb Forms Verb form (coming soon) questions will test you on verb tenses, gerunds, and infinitives. You need to know which tense and verb form to use in a given sentence. Signals Verb form questions will have a verb, gerund, or infinitive in the underlined phrase. The answer choices will have different different verb forms. Improvements Follow consistency rules with verbs and make sure that all verb tenses are being used properly. In sentences with gerunds or infinitives, verify that all idiomatic expressions are constructed correctly. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns (coming soon) are "who", "whom", "whose", "which", "where", "when", and "that". Relative pronouns must agree with the nouns they're replacing. For example, use "where" when referring to places and "when" when referring to a specific time. Signals If a relative pronoun is part of the underlined phrase, then there may be a relative pronoun error. Improvements Make sure you use the proper relative pronoun for the noun that is being replaced and that the pronoun has a clear antecedent. Occasionally, you will have to remove a relative pronoun to fix a sentence fragment. Illogical Comparisons The rule for illogical comparisons is that you can only compare equivalent things. Signals The underlined phrase will often follow a word in the comparative form. In every illogical comparison question, there will be a comparison in the sentence. Improvements Make sure the sentence is comparing like things. For example, you have to compare books to books and people to people. You can't compare a book to a person. Noun Agreement Noun agreement means that a singular person/thing can't be a plural noun and vice versa. Incorrect: John and Sarah want to become a doctor. Correct: John and Sarah want to become doctors. Signals Multiple nouns in a sentence, including one in the underlined phrase, can signal a noun agreement error. Improvements When necessary, make sure nouns agree in number. Now that we're familiar with all of the specific grammar rules covered on the improving sentences subsection, here are some more general rules to keep in mind. General Tips The Most Concise Answer is Often Right Underlined phrases in sentence improvement questions will often be awkward and wordy. Focus on selecting the clearest, most concise answer choice. Consistency is Key Many of the grammar errors have to do with inconsistency. Errors in parallelism, verb forms, and comparisons can often be fixed by focusing on consistency. Gerunds, Especially "Being", Often Signal an Error Sentence improvement questions tend to use gerunds to create fragments, wordiness, and idiom errors. If a gerund is part of an underlined phrase, make sure the gerund is being used correctly. Use these tips to answer actual questions from the SAT Writing section. Real SAT Examples We're going to use the grammar rules and strategies you've just learned to answer the followingsentence improvement question. First, let's try to identify any errors in the underlined portion of the sentence. The presence of the gerunds "tempting" and "straining" signals that there is likely a parallelism, fragment, or wordiness error. After reading the entire sentence, you should recognize that it lacks a main verb and is not expressing a complete thought. As such, this sentence is a fragment. One possible way to correct this error would be to change the gerunds to verbs, so let's keep that in the back of our minds as we go through the answer choices. Immediately, we can get rid of A and D because they keep "tempting" in the gerund form, and thusdon't fix the error. Answer choice B fixes the fragment by changing "tempting" to "tempt" but creates a word choice error. The correct word pair is "not only...but also" rather than "not only...but then." Upon first glance, answer choice C might look correct, but you should always make sure that every verb is in the proper form and tense. The subject of the sentence is "demands", which is plural. Therefore, the verb should be in the plural form. The verbs "tempts" and "strains" are in the singular form, so answer choice C creates an error in subect-verb agreement. We're left with answer choice E. The verbs "tempt" and "strain" are consistent and they agree with the subject. The resulting sentence is no longer a fragment and there is no additional error. The correct answer is E. We'll use the same process to answer another real SAT question from the improving sentences subsection. Again, we'll start by trying to find the error in the underlined portion. The first word "was" is a verb. Remember to make sure all underlined verbs are in the correct form and agree with their subjects. The subject of this sentence is "two", which is plural, but the verb is "was", which is in the singular form. There is an error in subject-verb agreement. After looking at the answer choices, we can get rid of A, B, and C right away since none of those choices correct the subject-verb agreement error. Those eliminations leave just choices D and E, both of which replace "was" with the correctly conjugated verb, "were." However, D also includes the exra word "the," so it is less clear and concise than E. Remember that the most concise grammatically correct answer choice will be correct. The answer is E. What's Next? Read this article to learn the big secret to SAT Writing. If you want more review on all of the grammar rules tested on the SAT Writing section, check out the complete guide to SAT Writing grammar and what's actually tested on SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Overview and analysis of the energy generation industry in Uk Essay

Overview and analysis of the energy generation industry in Uk - Essay Example .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 GDP Contribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Employment creation...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦14 Investment..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 The effects of government sustainability targets on Ecotricity business plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 The UK Energy Generation Industry is one of the core industries in the United Kingdom’s economy, owing to the fact that the industry does not only power the whole nation, but also determines the rate of earnings that the other industrial sectors in the economy produces (Willems and Morbee, 2008:17). Energy is the backbone of the manufacturing, transport and commercial industries, such that without efficient energy supply for these sectors, the economy would virtually grind to halt. The UK Energy Generation Industry accounted for 51.8% of the total industrial investment in the United Kingdom in 2010 (DECC, 2013:2). This underlines its major contribution to both the stability and productivity of the economy, not only in its capacity to generate revenues for the economy, but also in supporting the rest of the industries in the economy to maximize their productivity. This report seeks to analyze the structure of the industry, with a view to evaluate the reasons for the structure and the strategic decisions that are influenced by the structure of the industry, as well as the possible future structure of the industry. The other subject of this report will be the analysis of the contribution of the UK energy generation industry to the economy, especially as related to the value added by the industry to the country. Finally, the report will also assess the effects of government sustainability targets on the business plan of Ecotricity, as one of the

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Essay Example A problem statement is a concise and clear description of all issues that are going to be addressed by a problem solving team or an individual researcher in a feasibility report or in a proposal before attempting to solve the problem. It simply describes or defines the active challenges faced by a researcher or a practitioner by outlining the problem that will be addressed in the study. A problem statement should fully describe a problem so that other people can know that there is indeed a problem and how it has been addressed by the researcher. Narrowing a problem statement involves making it to focus on a particular issue or issues. It entails shifting the attention of the problem to a more specific and precise issue and narrowing the problem area into a specific hypothesis rather than addressing issues in general. It takes digging deeper into a problem and then stating only the exact area of concern that will be addressed. There are difficulties that may be experienced when narrowing a problem statement. One problem is that the researcher will have to narrow the scope of research. It is also difficult to narrow the problem statement and still ensure that it remains substantive, original and not so obvious. The problem statement should not lead a reader into obvious results. Narrowing them down without careful thought may make them too obvious and not original because most narrow topics tend to be obvious and have already been researched on unless extreme care is exercised. There are also a lot of problems that may be encountered with narrowing a problem statement when the topic is still relatively unfamiliar. Another problem with narrowing a problem statement comes about when trying to make the problem statement narrow enough to be able to arrive at a conclusion and solution, yet broad enough for a significant study. Question Two: What are the characteristics of problems that are significant to nursin g and thus merit research? Identify at least one problem worthy of research and one problem that would not be worthy of research. Justify your examples. The problems in the field of nursing which require research have common characteristics. One common characteristic of nursing problems that merit research is that they are meant to lead to the improvement in nursing care and the field of nursing in general. Nursing problems that merit research are generally meant to inform nursing caregivers, practitioners and educators on new nursing practices, health beliefs and how to solve pre-existing and emerging problems. The general characteristics of nursing problems that merit research are that it is aimed to build a body of nursing knowledge by finding solutions to nursing problems. Nursing problems are aimed at validating improvements within the nursing field and making healthcare effective and efficient. One problem worthy of research in nursing is the issue of race, culture and ethnici ty. This problem is worthy of a research because the practice of nursing entails dealing with different people from different races and ethnicities. Nurses interact with patients from culturally diverse backgrounds who have varied beliefs and practices that need to be taken into consideration when they are giving nursing care. It is therefore necessary to find out what these differences are and to know the best ways to handle them so as to avoid any conflict from arising. It is difficult to determine a problem that is not worthy of research in the field of nursing. Any research that will lead to finding of useful solutions to the field of nursing and improve the field of nursing is worthy of research because it will provide useful insight about the field. Problems that may not be worthy of research, if any, are those that have had too many researchers deal with them and are therefore too common such as attitudes of nurses to patients. Question Three: What are some of the advantages to your organization or practice to

Strengths and Weaknesses of Crime Statistics and Victimisation Surveys

Strengths and Weaknesses of Crime Statistics and Victimisation Surveys Rates of crime are recorded using two key sources; Police Recorded Crime (PRC) and Victimisation Surveys. Both will be explored and examined to see how they can, effectively assist policy makers in targeting areas for change. In addition the advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed along with their similarities and differences. To understand why it is important to record crime levels, three key notions must be clarified. Firstly, crime is legally defined as any act or omission outlawed by the criminal law and thus punishable (Odgers,1911). Secondly, the purpose of the judicial system is to enforce the law and protect victims of crime. Thirdly, criminal guilt relates to premeditated intention. Universal law is non-existent; therefore each country or locality has its own legal system. The shared aim is to hold person/s accountable for their behaviour. Substructures of the judiciary may focus on specific areas of interest. These may include the courts, and penal system and constabulary. The role of the courts and penal system is specific. It is in place to serve and protect the innocent, to pass judgement on the guilt or innocence of persons presented and to serve a proportionate punishment in response to the criminal act committed. Any form of justice served must remember the civil liberties of all concerned, including the offender. Crime prevention and law enforcement are a separate division provided by the constabulary. The term criminal guilt stems from two fundamental Latin principles. These are actus reus which translates as bad act and mens rea guilty mind. The accused must be found to have committed actus reus with the willing intention to perpetrate the act and/or to have assessed the risk i.e. accident or fear may be experienced as a direct result of the action (Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Few exceptions to being found guilty of one of these alone exist, these concern whether a person can be fully answerable for their actions. Examples of mens rea without actus reus can relate to crimes, where although the action is deemed illegal, the act may not have the deliberate intention to harm another. Examples of this could involve driving at excessive speed, an act of accidental manslaughter or self-defence. (law.jrank.org) Two comparable sources are used to measure crime rates within the UK. Police recorded crime measures the volume of notifiable offences committed over a fixed period, within the jurisdiction that the constabulary serves. Crime-related statistics are obtained at request of the British Home Office, where they are collated, analysed, and published throughout the year. The figures provide the government and the public with a summarised account of the information obtained. They aim to reveal and compare crime rates within specific localities. They are also used to demonstrate the effectiveness of policing. This information can be used to suggest areas for improvement and assist in the constant struggle to prevent crime occurring. The second method that is utilised, verifies the extent to which crime is perpetrated and is a valuable tool when combatting crime. Victimisation surveys; primarily recognised as the British Crime Survey (BCS) is a form of crime-related statistical research that was established in 1982. It was introduced in response for an alternative complementary system to exist alongside using police records alone. It aimed to gather intelligence on the public attitudes towards crime and their opinions relating to the judicial system. Although operationally independent from any government body, the BCS is still conducted for the British Home Office (First BCS report, Hough and Mayhew, 1983). The survey confidentially canvasses in the region of forty to fifty thousand individuals (Office for National Statistics, 2005) to uncover various information relating to crime-related experiences, including anti-social behaviour and police interaction and response to criminal activity. The people questioned span various demographics and aim to be representative of society. They are interviewed anonymously via door to door visits or telecommunications. Police recorded crime statistics are easy to conduct and provide a good measure of criminal cases both regionally and nationally. Because the statistics are compiled from police reports readily available, the only additional cost incurred involves the information being sent, analysed and evaluated. Over time re-occurring inclines and declines in illegal behaviour can be identified and used when analysing patterns of crime, in particular to risk assess, highlight and tackle crime hotspots. Crime statistics can also indicate the workload and performance level of police forces throughout the country.  [1]   An indication of a reduction in crime related incidents could boost public morale. If necessary the findings could influence change surrounding governing policy. For example, the allocation or re-allocation of specific resources within a police department could lead to a more efficient service. Identifying the need to place patrol officers where the greatest street crime occurs would be one way to maximise effectiveness of the police service. Unless a crime has been reported to the police and they have classified it as criminal it will not be included. This means that all minor misdemeanours that would be trialled as summary offences in court such as, crimes relating to anti social behaviour, assault, disorderly conduct and criminal trespass, along with most either-way offences for example theft and drug offences are excluded from being recorded  [2]  . This highlights one of the main failings of this form of data collection as it leads to discrepancies when analysing the results, especially when comparing between PRC and victimisation surveys. Data collection and recording of PRC statistics are affected by the regulations implemented by the current governing body  [3]  . The results uncovered may point to a rise in criminal acts being committed. This could have a negative impact on society. As a result the published findings could become biased and used as propaganda to mislead people into believing that crime rates are more favourable than factual. In some situations the volume of crime could be falsely recorded to meet performance and administrative targets (Chambliss, 2001). This is in direct contradiction of providing a good service to the public. British crime surveys are independent from government reports and not affected by changes in how crime is reported and documented. They play an important role in serving the public interest and governing change and policy. They provide a better indication relating to long-term trends of crime within society  [4]  , in particular highlighting crimes which affect different sociological groups. For example, crimes against women and those which affect minority groups such as the vulnerable, mentally ill, the disadvantaged and ethnic minorities. The BCS provides statistics which demonstrate the extent to which crime occurs. It accounts for minor offences, antisocial behaviour and victimless crime such as fraud. It also includes household and personal crime which may not be otherwise reported or deemed a criminal act  [5]  . The BCS is constantly changing to adapt to new concerns affecting society  [6]  . Recent expansion has seen the inclusion of acts committed against minors such as gadget theft which has seen a vast increase as technology advances; however this is only in the testing stage and is yet to be fully implemented. It has also seen the inclusion of crimes relating to identity theft  [7]  . The confidential method of surveying is flexible and can reach a wide proportion of people. Interviews conducted may take place at home, by visiting door to door or over the telephone. This can motivate people to openly speak their mind about their experiences and concerns. It may also lead to the discussion of topics of a sensitive nature for example, being the victim of racially incited or homophobic hate crimes, which they may not have wanted to report. This may be due to shame, embarrassment, a fear of repercussions or not being believed or taken seriously by the police service  [8]  . Over all the BCS appears to paint a broader picture of how a variety of crime-related issues really affect a range of varied people. Perhaps this is because they take the initiative and seek to learn more. Shortcomings surrounding this form of canvassing is that it is very costly to conduct, not only in man power but also time and resources. The effectiveness is questionable as the results gathered rely on a persons honesty and personal insight in to how they have been affected which may provide exaggerated responses or false information. The BCS also excludes the recording of commercial crimes and heinous crime such as murder. However, the Commercial Victimisation Survey and the Offending Crime and Justice Survey are both in place to ensure that crimes outside the boundaries of the BCS are still accounted for  [9]  . In summary, I have explored both methods used to research crime statistics and outlined the strengths and weaknesses of each. For example, The BCS relies on the respondents personal view of the effect of crime. PRC assumes that crime is always reported. Both methods are dependent on the classification of crime. Victimisation surveys fail to provide an accurate depiction of society. This is because surveys of this form assume that people interviewed can and will provide a reliable version of events. An effective source of information can not solely rely on the integrity and factual representation of those it surveys. Individual perception can vary hugely, and factors such as differences between living in a rural versus urban location and coming from differing socio-economic backgrounds can lead to ambiguous results. For example, certain groups of people may be targeted more or less than indicated. If these variables are not taken in to account then the measure of crime rates could be distorted and the overall findings in relation to the sample population unfounded. Overall it can be seen that both the BCS and PRC are adequate methods for collecting information. When trying to measure crime the most effective method is to examine BCS and PRC together as the results combined provide a more com prehensive picture of how crime really affects society.